نشریه مطالعات سیاسی
پیاپی 24 (تابستان 1393)

The Islamic revolution of Iran is the biggest revolution and social evolution of the Muslim world in the contemporary world. There have been many theories and analyzing approaches applied for explaining the manner and reason of the occurrence of this revolution. However, the crisis theory of Jürgen Habermas is an approach which besides its efficiency and expressiveness has not been considered so much. From Habermas’ viewpoint, in the relations among the three economic,political and socio-cultural domains, the four economic, rational, legitimation, and motivation crises can be recognized. The appearance of these crises in a structure, especially the current framework of capitalism, can be a sign of its weakness and destroying. This writing tries to explain the manner of the Pahlavi’s overthrow and the rise of the Islamic revolution through this theory. From the writer's view, Pahlavi's semi-capitalist regime had a general inefficiency in different aspects of itsstructure and all the four crises mentioned by Habermas, especially the legitimacy crisis (trans-material and applicable) are seen in it. On the other hand, the discourse of the Islamic revolution in Imam Khomeini’s reading, and its other-making and antagonistic relation with Pahlavi’s discourse, could articulate a system of significations and concepts through showing the highest level of availability and credibility. This covers the malfunctions and crises of Pahlavi’s regime and reaches the position of a hegemon discourse.

NATO, after 65 years of its birth, is running a new strategic approach for the coming decade after the ratification of Lisbon, Portugal in 2010. The first strategic concept of NATO after the Cold War was published in the Rome Summit in November 1991. The second post-Cold War strategic concept, the Lisbon summit remains steadfast. The third new strategic concept for NATO, "active participation, Modern Defense", as the main theme of this study is that the authors have attempted to study the evolution of the concept of "security" and "sovereignty" of NATO and to respond to the nature of security approach for decades ahead. This descriptive-analytic study was conducted using desk resources and by reference to official documents of the NATO. The main hypothesis of this study states that "a broad approach to security and a value-based view to sovereignty can be used and applied in form of security maintenance and sovereignty development of democracy and liberal values and free-market principles in the new approach of the NATO. The findings of this study suggest that, other NATO 3.0, a fighting machine, as a vehicle to advance security in a changing environment, and the changing nature of defensive approach to security is changing the nature of the entity that is easier than the last analysis, "Out of Area" for NATO, NATO is possible to define more clearly the world.

All schools and common patterns in the traditional paradigm of political sociology in the relationship between society and government, and particularly decisive influence social forces on the power political within national state have been considered. But in recent decades due to the spread of globalization in various fields, and thus weakening the national state, it seems that scope area and threads and thus the dominant attitude in political sociology are major changes. Therefore it can besaid that the "paradigm" of political sociology is changing and transformation. In the traditional paradigm of concepts such as national state, the relationship between state and society, the ruling class, political elites, political parties and social base of the regime have been overcome, whereas in the new paradigm of sociology, power structures in the global level, the relationship between governments and global processes in different areas, the class of transnational identities, human rights and global citizenship, new social movements and etc. have been of prominent preference. This research tries to influence the process of globalization, especially the political and technical - the technological aspects to the formation of a paradigmatic changes in the field of political sociology.

The use of targeted killings is increased by the United States with the beginning of the presidency of Barack Obama and became a key component of the country's anti-terrorism policies. Increasing non-state actors and activities of transnational networks as the main threat to the national security of the United States has led to tactical change in America's anti-terrorism policies from broad military attacks to limited and targeted attacks. Although technological advances such as guidedweapons and advanced monitoring systems have increased the ability of America to target specific individuals while reduced unwanted losses were effective in this regard. Despite the wide political and military achievements of targeted killings, several legal objections have been raised against America because these achievements caused the United States to ignore international law. Political realism approach with emphasis on national security and national interests provides an appropriate account of America's anti-terrorism politics. This article examines the legal and political implications of the United States targeted killings in the field of international relations.

This paper aims to study and verify the hypothesis that: "the shift in the British government policy and strategy towards Iran's progressive constitutional developments resulted from the regional and international strategies and tactics of the Empire of Great Britain aimed to restrict and control the power of Tsarist Russia in Iran and eliminate the threats arising from Iran's northern neighboragainst the British interests and stability in the region". This notion can be analyzed to prove the above hypothesis with approach to strategies of positive and negative balance, considering the different policies adopted by the Great Britain and its struggle to depart from Russia in supporting the Constitution Revolution and accepting the Constitutionalists sit-in strike at British embassy in Tehran up to the Convention of 1907 and division of Iranian territory into a neutral sphere and twosub-regions under the United Kingdom and Russia. This article deals with the involvements and policies of super powers towards Iran’s Constitution Revolution to clarify the impacts of London policies and its imperial consequences on Tehran in opposition with Moscow.

This paper seeks to explore the concept of legitimacy and acceptability spearhead of Mulla Sadra and Imam Khomeini descriptive – analytical method. The results indicate that from Mulla Sadra and Imam Khomeini (RA) view point at the age of mission, the Prophet, in the era of Imam, Imam, in occultation, theologian and priest are at the head of the Islamic government and at the top of thepolitical system. From the content of their political ideas, theory of appointment of leadership in occultation is derived. The appointment of a leader does not mean ignoring people, but it is considered as evidence of divine appointment and its role proves important. If there were not the help of people the divine leadership cannot exercise power, it is not considered as leadership. The political system is based on political wisdom of the transcendent and the political thought of Imam Khomeini (RA) which affects the legitimacy of Transcendental Wisdom and it is legitimateuntil it is based on divine law.

Following the development and the popular uprisings in Libya in early February 2011, and persecuting by government forces and the use of heavy weapons against protesters, the situation of Libya changed from an internal repression into a deep crisis. This has caused the United Nations, along with other regional and international organizations like the Arab League, Europe League, the African Union and the Organization of the Islamic Conference to try to resolve the crisis. The organization primarily through preventive measures and recommendations for frequent resolution 1970 imposed financial sanctions and weapons and seek to resolve the crisis and finally following the Resolution 1973 and the deployment of NATO forces and some other members of the United Nations, by the united defender force put an end to this crisis. The UN operation, the presence of NATO and its consequences have been investigated but less attention has been paid to theother parts of the UN in Libya, and more attention has been paid to the Security Council. If the council is a very influential element, it is only one of the pillars of the United Nation; therefore, the purpose of the present paper is to provide a comprehensive overview of how the UN functions in Libyan crisis. The possible answers to this question will be introduced throughout the paper and we try to prove that the UN had originally tried to minimize the mortality and then goes onto defend civilians to military intervention.

Islamic Revolution in February 1978 with the participation of people of different classes, alongside the strains of political opposition and religious identity, recognized its form and content. In this revolution, intellectuals, students, and Shia Clergymen were participated. This revolution took place in Iran's geography and military monarchy was overthrown because it follows the spiritual world leadership - leadership of Shiite cleric Imam Khomeini (RA) - and their presence in the ranksof the clergy. The protesters, with the dominant religious discourse in political literature, was known Islamic Revolution. Islamic Revolution of Iran as one of the most influential twentieth century phenomenon attract the attention of many scholars and there was the fear that many the research scholars towards Islam and Islamic studies revolutionary attract and be attracted. With the diverse range of case studies, researchers include Clergymen, intellectuals, the masses, university teachers and the extent of public discontent population gained wide acceptance forleadership and organization and revolutionary identity of the movement. The importance and value of its sociological story can be investigated. This study will try to examine one of the most important values to create a revolutionary convergence among this population. To limit the subject matter of texture and operational definition of context and text, it will concentrate on the concept offreedom and the attitude of most dense population, and we need to emphasize on the Islamic Revolution.